French grammar differs from English because every noun has a grammatical gender.³ In English, we refer to objects as "it", but in French, even inanimate things are masculine or feminine. For example, a table is une table and a bucket is un seau, so you might say elle est mise (“she is set”) for the table or il est plein ("he is full") for the bucket. Unlike German or Greek, French does not decline its nouns or articles. Still, pronouns do change depending on their grammatical role. Understanding these gender rules is essential for using articles, adjectives, and pronouns correctly in French.
The Importance of Grammatical Gender in French
When taking French grammar lessons, the easiest way to know if a word is masculine or feminine is quite simply by learning it with its article (or looking it up in the dictionary). If you come upon a word you don't know, if you are lucky, the article will be right there next to it to help you along. And while French fortunately doesn’t decline its articles, it’s useful to know them in all their iterations, from indefinite articles to possessive pronouns:
| Gender/Number | Definite Article | Indefinite Article | Demonstrative Pronoun | Possessive Adjective | Possessive Pronoun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | le | un | ce | mon, ton, son, notre, votre, leur | mien, tien, sien, nôtre, vôtre, leur |
| Feminine | la | une | cette | ma, ta, sa, notre, votre, leur | mienne, tienne, sienne, nôtre, vôtre, leur |
| Plural (masc.) | les | des | ces | mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs | miens, tiens, siens, nôtres, vôtres, leurs |
| Plural (fem.) | les | des | ces | mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs | miennes, tiennes, siennes, nôtres, vôtres, leurs |
Identifying Masculine and Feminine Nouns
Learners have to identify whether a noun is masculine or feminine.⁸ In English, there isn't grammatical gender. However, in French, you need to recognize the patterns or just remember the gender of every noun.
In French, every noun is either masculine or feminine, and the easiest way to remember its gender is to learn the noun together with its article. For example, instead of learning table, learn la table, and instead of learning book, learn le livre. Certain endings can also give clues about gender: nouns ending in -tion, -sion, or -ette are often feminine. In contrast, endings like -ment, -age, or -eau are are usually masculine, although exceptions always exist.
General Rules and Patterns
Some words are easy. A female person is a "she", a male person is a "he". Many professions have a masculine and a feminine form, so that a teacher, for example, is an "instituteur" if he's male and an "institutrice" if she's female. You will note, however, that there is some debate on how to designate someone when the word has no feminine form. When they speak French, a lot of women won't mind being called "le docteur", but some will prefer to be called "la docteur." At the same time, some words designating people differ in meaning depending on whether they are used in the masculine or feminine. Thus, traditionally, the expression "l'ambassadrice" refers to the ambassador's wife; therefore, a female ambassador is called "Madame l'ambassadeur".
While words that are the names of professions and of male and female animals are pretty evident (l’étalon - the stallion; la jument - the mare), other words are a little more puzzling. Is a bed masculine? (Yes, “le lit”.) What about a plate? (No. “Une assiette” is feminine). This is what tends to throw English speakers off when learning how to speak French.
So how can you tell the gender of the words designating inanimate objects? Some grammar rules, at least, apply.
- Ending in "e" generally designates a feminine, except when it doesn't (le vacarme - the noise but une arme)
- Compound nouns of the type “verb-noun” are generally masculine:⁵
- le tire-bouchon (the corkscrew)
- le porte-monnaie (the wallet)
Certain endings are either masculine or feminine, and if you learn them, you can quickly recognize the right gender.
Masculine Endings
- -eux
- le creux - the crook, the depression
- le peureux - the coward
- -aire
- le maire - the mayor
- l’apothicaire - the pharmacist/apothecary
- -asme / -isme
- le fantasme
- le feminisme
- -é
- le café
- -et
- le jouet - the toy
- le bleuet - the cornflower
- Endings with the sound “o”
- -eau
- -au
- -ot
- -aud
- examples:
- le fourreau - the sheath
- le réchaud - the stove
- except for une eau - the water
- -ment
- le moment - the moment
- le vent - the wind
- -ail
- l’ail - garlic
- le travail - work
- -eil
- le reveil - the alarm clock
- le sommeil - sleep
- -age
- l’age - the age
- le breuvage - the drink
- exceptions:
- la cage - the cage
- une image - an image
- la page - the page
- la plage - the beach
- -oir
- le miroir - the mirror
- le terroir - the region
- -al
- le cheval - the horse
- le carnaval - the carnival
Feminine Endings
- Most endings in -e
- -son, -tion, -sion
- la raison - reason
- la potion - the potion
- la tension - the tension
- but le son - the sound
- -ure
- la piqûre - the insect bite or needle prick
- la moisissure - the mold
- -ette
- la belette - the badger
- la ciboulette - chives
- -ère
- la ménagère - the housewife
- la rivière - the river
- exceptions:
- le cimetière - the graveyard
- le réverbère - the street light
- -euse
- la veilleuse - the pilot light
- la tricoteuse - the knitter
- -ture
- la voiture - the car
- la teinture - the dye
- -ise
- la cerise - the cherry
- la banquise - the ice floe
- -ie
- la mairie - the town hall
- la pénurie - the shortage
- -elle
- la marelle - hopscotch
- la pelle - the shovel
- -ée
- la buée - the steam
- la nuée - the swarm
- exceptions:
- le lycée - middle school
- le musée - the museum
Exceptions and Irregularities
And of course, to add to the joys of French spelling, there is a whole series of exceptions you quite simply have to memorize. In these vocabulary words, the masculine plural form is often the same as the masculine singular.
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beau | belle | beaux | belles | beautiful |
| Blanc | blanche | blancs | blanches | white |
| Complet | complète | complets | complètes | complete |
| Doux | douce | doux | douces | soft |
| Faux | fausse | faux | fausses | wrong |
| Favori | favorite | favoris | favorites | favourite |
| Franc | franche | francs | franches | frank, honest |
| Public | publique | publics | publiques | public |
| Sec | sèche | secs | sèches | dry |
| Secret | secrète | secrets | secrètes | secret |
| Vieux | vieille | vieux | vieilles | old |
Gender Agreement in French Grammar
Once you know whether a noun is masculine or feminine in French, you have to then apply its rules. In French grammar, articles, adjectives, and pronouns must agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer to.⁶ Everything is masculine or feminine and singular or plural.
Articles and Determiners
In French, the articles and determiners agree with the gender and number of their accompanying noun.¹ Masculine nouns use le or un. Feminine nouns use la or une. These patterns can help you remember or recognise the gender of a noun.
Adjective Agreement
So, when speaking French, do you put the adjectives in the feminine and masculine? Well, mostly. The rule for gender and number of French adjectives Generally, the feminine is formed with -e, the masculine or general plural in -s and the feminine plural in -es:²
- Amusant - amusante - amusants - amusantes
- Court - courte - courts - courtes
- Vert - verte - verts - vertes
- Grand - grande - grands - grandes
Weak masculines - that is, masculines ending in -e - will not change in the feminine:
- un clown drôle (a funny clown)
- une blague drôle (a funny joke)
- des films drôles (funny films)
Most masculines ending in the consonants “L”, “N”, “S” and “T” will double the consonant and add an -e in the feminine:
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ancien | ancienne | anciens | anciennes | old, ancient |
| gentil | gentille | gentils | gentilles | nice |
| gros | grosse | gros | grosses | large, fat |
| sot | sotte | sots | sottes | idiot, stupid |
Here is a list of some of the most common irregular feminine endings:
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -eux | -euse | -eux | -euses | malheureux - malheureuse | unhappy |
| -f | -ve | -fs | -ves | actif - active | active |
| -er | -ère | -ers | -ères | cher - chère | dear (both cherished and costly) |
Careful! To further confuse things, the following adjectives have a special form in the masculine when the noun that follows begins with a vowel.
- Vieux - vieil
- un vieux château
- un vieil arbre
- BUT l’arbre est vieux
- Beau - bel
- un beau jardin
- un bel orangier
- BUT l’oranger est beau
- Nouveau - nouvel
- un nouveau pont
- un nouvel appartement
- BUT l’appartement est nouveau
NOTE: Some French nouns starting with “h” are treated as though they start with a vowel.
- Homme
- un vieil homme
- un bel homme
Qualifying Adjectives
All qualifying adjectives (the ones used right next to a noun) must agree in gender and number with the noun they are describing.⁷
Examples:
- Un garçon blond. - a blonde boy
- Une fille blonde. - a blonde girl
- Des enfants blonds - blonde children
- Des filles blondes - blonde girls
Sometimes, though, they come between the article and the noun. This is only for expressions describing the:
- beauty (beau, joli…) but not the adjectives “laid”
- age (jeune, vieux, nouveau…) except for “âgé”
- goodness (bon, mauvais, gentil…) with the exception of “méchant”
- size (petit, grand…)
When you learn to speak French, the acronym BAGS is a good way to memorize these exceptions to the rule.
Examples:
- Un petit garçon - a little boy
- Une jolie fille - a pretty girl
- Des gentils enfants - nice children
- Des jeunes filles - young girls
Adjectives used with the verb “être”
Adjectives used with “être” - to be - also agree with their subjects in gender and number:
- Le garçon est petit. - the boy is small
- La fille est petite. - the girl is small
- Les enfants sont petits. - the children are small
- Les filles sont petites. - the girls are small
Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
Like many languages, French personal pronouns are declined - that is, they look different depending on their grammatical function within a French sentence.⁶
Examples in English:
- He is reading a book by Gustave Flaubert. “He” is subject.
- Flaubert is taking him places I had never known.
- Reading is the best thing that has ever happened to him.
Here are the basic French pronouns:
| English | Subject | Direct Object | Indirect Object |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | je | moi | me |
| you (sing.) | tu | toi | te |
| he | il | le | lui |
| she | elle | la | lui |
| we | nous | nous | nous |
| you (plur.) | vous | vous | vous |
| they (masc.) | ils | les | leur |
| they (fem.) | elles | les | leur |
Note: if you want to use a plural encompassing both masculine and feminine things, use “ils”.
Another note: in French, me, te, le, la are contracted if the word that follows begins with a vowel.
Examples:
- Je t’aime. - I love you.
- Tu m’aimes - you love me.
- Je l’aime. - I love him (or her).
Examples of pronouns in different grammatical positions within a French sentence:
- She gives the ball to the dog.
- Elle donne la balle au chien.
- She gives the ball to him.
- Elle lui donne la balle.
- She gives it to the dog.
- Elle la donne au chien.
- He reads the book to the mouse.*
- Il lit le livre à la souris.
- He reads it to the mouse.
- Il le lit à la souris.
- He reads the book to it.
- Il lui lit le livre.
- He reads it to it.
- Il le lui lit.
*lots of people read to their pets.
French Articles: Definite and Indefinite
When taking French grammar lessons, the easiest way to know if a word is masculine or feminine is quite simply by learning it with its article (or looking it up in the dictionary). If you come upon a word you don’t know, if you are lucky the article will be right there next to it to help you along.
And while French fortunately doesn’t decline its articles, it’s useful to know them in all their iterations, from indefinite articles to possessive pronouns:
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| Definite article | Indefinite article | Demonstrative pronoun | Possessive adjective | Possessive pronoun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | le | un | ce | mon ton son notre votre leur | mien tien sien nôtre vôtre leur |
| Feminine | la | une | cette | ma ta sa notre votre leur | mienne tienne sienne nôtre vôtre leur |
| Plural (masc.) | les | des | ces | mes tes ses nos vos leurs | miens tiens siens nôtres vôtres leurs |
| Plural (fem.) | les | des | cettes | mes tes ses nos vos leurs | miennes tiennes siennes nôtres vôtres leurs |
Learning French Gender Words: Making Adjectives Agree in Gender and Number
So, when speaking French, do you have put the adjectives in the feminine and masculine? Well, mostly.
The rule for gender and number of French adjectives
Generally, the feminine is formed with -e, the masculine or general plural in -s and the feminine plural in -es:
Amusant - amusante - amusants - amusantes
Court - courte - courts - courtes
Vert - verte - verts - vertes
Grand - grande - grands - grandes
However, French has a rather impressive number of irregular adjectives, which is one of the many things that makes it hard to learn French for beginners.
Weak masculines - that is, masculines ending in -e - will not change in the feminine:
un clown drôle (a funny clown) - une blague drôle (a funny joke) - des films drôles (funny films).
Most masculines ending in the consonants “L”, “N”, “S” and “T” will double the consonant and add an -e in the feminine:
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ancien | ancienne | anciens | anciennes | old, ancient |
| gentil | gentille | gentils | gentilles | nice |
| gros | grosse | gros | grosses | large, fat |
| sot | sotte | sots | sottes | idiot, stupid |
Here is a list of some of the most common irregular feminine endings:
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -eux | -euse | -eux | -euses | malheureux-malheureuse | unhappy |
| -f | -ve | -fs | -ves | actif-active | active |
| -er | -ère | -ers | -ères | cher-chère | dear (both cherished and costly) |
And of course, to add to the joys of French spelling, there is a whole series of exceptions you quite simply have to memorize. In these vocabulary words, the masculine plural form is often the same as the masculine singular. Here is a list of words with unusual feminines:
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beau Blanc Complet Doux Faux Favori Franc Public Sec Secret vieux | belle blanche complète douce fausse favorite franche publique sèche secrète vieille | beaux blancs complets doux faux favoris francs publics secs secrets vieux | belles blanches complètes douces fausses favorites franches publiques sèches secrètes vieilles | beautiful white complete soft wrong favourite frank, honest public dry secret old |
Careful! To further confuse things, the following adjectives have a special form in the masculine when the noun that follows begins with a vowel. Here is a list so you know how to use these words correctly:
- Vieux - vieil: un vieux château - un vieil arbre. BUT l’arbre est vieux (the noun doesn’t follow the adjective)
- Beau-bel: un beau jardin - un bel orangier BUT l’oranger est beau
- Nouveau-nouvel: un nouveau pont - un nouvel appartement BUT l’appartement est nouveau
NOTE: some French nouns starting with “h” are treated as though they start with a vowel:
Homme: un vieil homme - un bel homme
Qualifying adjectives
All qualifying adjectives (the ones used right next to a noun) must agree in gender and number with the noun they are describing. Plural nouns will take the masculine plural if the noun is masculine and the feminine plural if the noun is feminine. If it is a collective noun or if a pronoun designates a group of both men and women (nous, vous), the masculine applies. Qualifying adjectives will generally come after the noun:
Un garçon blond. - a blonde boy
Une fille blonde. - a blonde girl
Des enfants blonds - blonde children
Des filles blondes - blonde girls.
Sometimes, though, they come between the article and the noun. This is only for expressions describing the
- beauty (beau, joli…) but not the adjectives “laid” (ugly)
- age (jeune, vieux, nouveau…) except for “âgé” (aged)
- goodness (bon, mauvais, gentil…) with the exception of “méchant”
- size (petit, grand…)
When you learn to speak French, the acronym BAGS is a good way to memorize these exceptions to the rule. Thus, you say:
Un petit garçon - a little boy
Une jolie fille - a pretty girl.
Des gentils enfants - nice children
Des jeunes filles - young girls
Adjectives used with the verb “être” - to be
Adjectives used with “être” - to be - also agree with their subjects in gender and number:
Le garçon est petit. - the boy is small.
La fille est petite. - the girl is small.
Les enfants sont petits. - the children are small.
Les filles sont petites. - the girls are small.
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French Gender and Number With Compound Verbs
When you study French, remember that when using compound verbs - that is, verb tenses using an auxiliary verb - the rule is that the participle has to agree in gender and number ONLY if the auxiliary verb is “être” (to be).
Thus, a conjugation of French verbs using “avoir” would be:
J’ais cassé le vase. - I broke the vase.
Il avait cassé le vase. - He broke the vase.
Elle avait cassé le vase. - She broke the vase.
Ils ont cassé le vase. - They broke the vase.
BUT when you conjugate with “être”, the participle will agree with the subject:
Je suis né. - I was born (I = masculine).
Elle est née. - She was born.
Nous sommes nés. - We were born.
Elles sont nées. - They (fem.) were born.
An exception to this rule is if the OBJECT PRECEDES the verb in a conjugation with “avoir” - then the participle agrees with the OBJECT:
Thus, in the phrase:
Marie a aimé Mireille. (Marie has loved Mireille.)
“Aimé” doesn’t have to agree with Marie. Nor does it have to agree in this phrase:
Jean a aimé Mireille.
But in the phrase:
Jean l’a aimée. (Jean has loved her.)
“Aimée” agrees with the object - in this case, a woman.
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How Do You Know If A French Word Is Masculine or Feminine?
Some words are easy. A female person is a “she”, a male person is a “he”. A lot of professions have a masculine and a feminine, so that a teacher, for example, is an “instituteur” if he’s male and an “institutrice” if she’s female. You will note, however, that there is some debate on how to designate someone when the word has no feminine. When they speak French, a lot of women won’t mind being called “le docteur”, but some will prefer to be called “la docteur.” At the same time, some words designating people differ in meaning depending on whether they are used in the masculine and feminine. Thus, traditionally, the expression “l’ambassadrice”is referring to the ambassador’s wife; therefore a female ambassador is called “Madame l’ambassadeur”.
Typical French masculine and feminine endings
While words that are the names of professions and of male and female animals are pretty evident (l’étalon - the stallion; la jument - the mare), other words are a little more puzzling. Is a bed masculine? (Yes, “le lit”.) What about a plate? (No. “Une assiette” is feminine). This is what tends to throw English speakers off when learning how to speak French.
So how can you tell the gender of the words designating inanimate objects? Some rules, at least, apply.
And ending in "e" generally designates a feminine, excepte when it doesn't (le vacarme - the noise but une arme),
Compound nouns of the type “verb-noun” are generally masculine: le tire-bouchon (the corkscrew), le porte-monnaie (the wallet).
Certain endings are either masculine or feminine, and if you learn them, you can quickly recognise the right gender.
Here is a list of some masculine endings:
- -eux (le creux - the crook, the depression; le peureux - the coward)
- -aire (le maire - the mayor; l’apothicaire - the pharmacist/apothecary)
- -asme/-isme (le fantasme, le feminisme)
- -é (le café)
- -et (le jouet - the toy; le bleuet - the cornflower)
- endings with the sound “o”: -eau, -au, -ot, -aud (le fourreau - the sheath; le sot - the idiot; le réchaud - the hob; except for “une eau” - the water)
- - ment (le moment - the moment; le vent - the wind)
- -ail (l’ail - garlic; le travail - work)
- -eil (le reveil - the alarm clock; le sommeil - sleep)
- -age (l’age - the age; le breuvage - the drink; except for: la cage - the cage; une image - an image; la page - the page and la plage - the beach)
- -oir (le miroir - the mirror; le terroir - the region)
- -al (le cheval - the horse; le carnaval - the carnival)
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Here is a list of some feminine endings:
- most endings in -e.
- -son, -tion, -sion (la raison - reason; la potion - the potion; la tension - the tension; but le son - the sound)
- - ure (la piqûre - the insect bite or needle prick; la moisissure - the mold)
- - ette (la belette - the badger; la ciboulette - chives)
- -ère (la ménagère - the housewife; la rivière - the river; except for “le cimetière”- the graveyard; le réverbère - the street light)
- -euse (la veilleuse - the pilot light; la tricoteuse - the knitter)
- -ture (la voiture - the car; la teinture - the dye)
- -ise (la cerise - the cherry; la banquise - the ice floe)
- -ie (la mairie - the town hall; la pénurie - the shortage)
- -elle (la marelle - hopscotch; la pelle - the shovel)
- -ée (la buée - the steam; la nuée - the swarm; except for: le lycée - secondary school; le musée - the museum)
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